In our exploration of the Axial Age, we arrive at Aristotle (384 to 322 BCE), a student of Plato – who in turn was a student of Socrates – and one of the most influential figures in the history of Western thought.[1] In our book, Conflict: Recognizing Human Dignity as a Solution to Humanity’s Greatest Challenges, Aristotle is recognized alongside other forward-thinking individuals who “consistently championed human dignity, paving the way for societies to evolve beyond human degrading ideas”.
Aristotle: The Rational Animal and the Purpose of Governance
Aristotle’s philosophy is deeply rooted in the unique intellectual and moral capacities that set humans apart in the natural world. Aristotle affirmed that free will, moral virtues, and intellect enable self-determination and the achievement of complex goals.[2] Aristotle famously defined man as a “rational animal,” suggesting that our ability to use reason is what allows us to fulfill our personhood through human dignity.
Aristotle’s work transitioned the focus of dignity from a personal trait to a “collective value” essential for “societal stability”. He believed that the purpose of the state was not merely to maintain power, but to foster the flourishing of the human person.[3]
Political Power Dynamics and the Common Good
Aristotle’s analysis of Political Power provides a framework for understanding how power struggles often become central to conflict. He categorized governments based on whether they served the “welfare of the governed” or the “self-interest of the rulers”. In our book, we note that political systems shape how decisions are made and how individuals and groups interact with authority. Political systems either feed healthy conflict or fuel human-degrading conflict.
Aristotle argued that when a political system prioritized the interests of systems or ideologies alone over the good of the individual, it inevitably led to human-degrading conflict. Conversely, systems that promote fairness, economic stability, and diplomatic resolution support the responsible use of freedom.
Healthy Conflict and the Path to Unity
Not all conflicts are destructive and healthy conflict has driven humanity to innovate, grow, and live flourishing lives. Aristotle viewed the friction of differing perspectives in a democracy as a means to reach public discourse and consensus-building. However, he warned that without a recognition of shared dignity, societies would essentially fall back into in-group favoritism and out-group hostility.[4] Aristotle’s legacy teaches us that when dignity is preserved, conflict can lead to growth, understanding, and a better future for all.
This article is part of our Historical Figures series on the History of Human Dignity.
Sources
- Britannica. “Aristotle: Life and Work.” britannica.com. ↩
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Aristotle: Ethics and the Rational Animal.” iep.utm.edu. ↩
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Aristotle’s Politics: The Purpose of the State.” plato.stanford.edu. ↩
- Oxford University Press. “Aristotle on Conflict and Consensus.” academic.oup.com. ↩
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